With the rise of different electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets and smartwatches, and the emergence of "smart things" forming part of the Internet of Things (IoT), user interfaces (UIs) have to be adapted in order to cope with the different input and output methods as well as device characteristics. In addition to the challenges dealing with these rapidly changing technologies, user interface designers struggle to adapt their UIs to evolving user needs and preferences, resulting in bad user experience.

eSPACE is an innovative end-user authoring tool that enables individuals without programming knowledge to create their own smart applications through a user-friendly web interface. The tool offers a range of views to support the creation process, including the interaction view that utilises a visual pipeline metaphor to define interaction rules, and the rules view that serves as a more textual counterpart for defining rules using if-then statements.